Comprehensive Review, Challenges of Superconductivity and Quantum Levitation in Advanced Material Research

Abstract

Superconductivity and Quantum Levitationhave been considered a revolution in the area ofphysics and materials science. Suchdevelopment has enabled us to identify anddevelop the novel materials with properties ofsuperconductivity and magnetic levitation. Asuperconductor is an element which losescomplete electrical resistivity when it cools atlow temperature. In another word, a superconductor material permits electrical current toflow through it without creating any resistanceor without losing energy. Therefore, practically,existence or production of superconductors israre. Supercurrent is the term used to describethe current that flows through superconductormaterial. There are two different kinds ofsuperconductors: Type I and Type II. When amaterial is cooled below its critical temperature(Tc), the molecular mobility inside the materialdecreases and electricity can flow through itwithout any resistance. These materials areknown as type I superconductors. As anexample in the metallic field, aluminum is aconductor at room temperature but when cooledbelow 1.75K, it becomes a superconductor.Another example of a superconductor isLanthanum Decahydride or LaH10 whichexhibits the properties of superconductivity at250K. Type II superconductors are thosematerials which are not good conductors atroom temperature but they becomesuperconductors after gradual transmission. Themechanism behind the gradual transmission inType II superconductor materials is still not fullyunderstood. Type II superconductors aretypically paramagnetic metallic compounds andalloys (Huang et al., 2019; Savaskan, Abdiogluand Ozturk, 2020).