An Insight into the Toxicological Effects of Microplastics on Earthworms and Their Removal Technologies

Abstract

The damaging effects of microplastics (MPs), which are ubiquitous environmental pollutants measuring smaller than 5 mm, on terrestrial ecosystems, particularly earthworms are a cause for worry. This review analyzes the sources, distribution, and fate of MPs in soils, emphasizing their ubiquitous presence. It delves into the toxicological impact on earthworms, covering exposure mechanisms and effects on physiology, biochemistry, reproduction, and soil ecosystems. The article also explores various removal technologies, including physical, chemical, phytoremediation, and microbial methods, to combat MPs contamination. Improved risk assessment, long-term studies, and regulatory frameworks are stressed for addressing this pollution. The review underscores the urgency of preserving earthworm populations and soil ecosystems through sustainable practices, urging collaborative efforts in tackling this global environmental challenge.