Physico-Chemical and Microbial Properties of Ice Used for Various Purposes in Kangra, Himachal Pradesh

Abstract

This study aimed to assess the physicochemical and microbiological qualities of ice blocks sold at various locations in Kangra, Himachal Pradesh. Samples were collected from four different sites and microbiological quality was assessed using the presence or absence of coliforms as an indicator organism. The physicochemical parameters analyzed included pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), total dissolved solids (TDS), total suspended solids (TSS), electrical conductivity (EC), and chloride content. The results were compared with the WHO Drinking Water Standards. The findings revealed that All samples tested positive for coliforms, indicating potential health risks. The TDS values ranged from 68.00- 271.67 mg/L, the pH from 7.03-7.50, the TSS from26.00-37.67 mg/L, the ice melting temperatures from of 3.23-4.07⁰C, the DO from 15.2- 21.5 mg/L, the EC from 97.79-375.00 µs/cm, and the chlorides concentrations from 55.50- 60.09 mg/L. These findings underscore the necessity for ice manufacturers to comply with FDA-recommended good manufacturing practices (GMP).