Fluoride to Fluorosis in Medical Geology
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Abstract
Fluoride-induced fluorosis represents a significant public health issue, particularly in regions where high levels of naturally occurring fluoride are present in groundwater. This review delves into the complex interplay between fluoride exposure and human health within the context of medical geology. Geological factors, including mineral composition, hydrogeological settings, and geochemical processes, significantly influence the distribution of fluoride, thus impacting its concentration in drinking water. The study also examines anthropogenic sources of fluoride contamination, such as industrial emissions, agricultural practices, and water fluoridation, which further exacerbate the problem. Various mitigation strategies are critically analyzed, including water treatment technologies like reverse osmosis, adsorption techniques, and ion exchange, alongside soil amendments and dietary interventions aimed at reducing fluoride intake. Challenges related to these strategies, such as their cost, scalability, and community acceptance, are thoroughly discussed. Emerging technologies, including the use of nanomaterials and phytoremediation, are explored as potential solutions for mitigating fluoride contamination. The review emphasizes the need for interdisciplinary collaboration among medical geologists, public health professionals, and policymakers to develop effective, context-specific strategies tailored to local environmental and socio-economic conditions. By identifying current gaps in research and practice, this review highlights future directions, focusing on comprehensive risk assessments, innovative intervention strategies, and the development of sustainable approaches to managing fluoride levels in the environment. The ultimate goal is to protect human health and promote sustainable development in fluoride-affected areas, ensuring safe drinking water and improved quality of life for impacted communities.