Content Regulation in India: Case Studies from Cinema, Television and Digital Platforms

Abstract

This research paper examines content regulation in India, focusing on cinema, television, and digital platforms. It explores how regulatory frameworks, “including the Cinematograph Act, Cable Television Networks (Regulation) Act, and the Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021, shape media content while balancing freedom of expression and public interests. Through landmark case studies—such as Udta Punjab, Padmaavat, and Tandav—the paper highlights the regulatory challenges faced by Indian media. The judiciary's role in interpreting Article 19 of the Indian Constitution, which guarantees freedom of speech subject to reasonable restrictions,” is also discussed. The paper further contrasts India's content regulation with approaches in the USA, UK, and Singapore, identifying areas where reforms could enhance consistency and respect for artistic freedom. Recommendations include redefining the CBFC’s role, encouraging self-regulation, and promoting transparent regulatory processes. This analysis emphasizes the need for a balanced, sustainable regulatory framework that respects both societal values and individual freedoms in India’s rapidly evolving media environment.