1,2,4-Triazole Derivatives As Potent Antimicrobial Agents: A Review

Abstract

1,2,4-Triazole derivatives are highly versatile nitrogen-rich heterocyclic compounds known for their wide-ranging biological activities, including antimicrobial, antifungal, antiviral, and anticancer properties. This review article explores the synthesis of these derivatives, focusing on their applications as potent antimicrobial agents. Various synthetic methodologies, such as classical cyclization reactions and modern, greener approaches like microwave-assisted and metal-catalyzed methods, are discussed in detail. The structure-activity relationships (SAR) governing antimicrobial efficacy are analyzed, along with the role of substituent modifications in enhancing the activity of 1,2,4-triazoles. Insights into future directions for the development of novel triazole derivatives for combating drug-resistant pathogens are also provided.