Psychosocial determinants and intervention strategies for farmer suicides in India - A systematic review

Abstract

Abstract: The purpose of this systematic review is to investigate the interplay of psychosocial determinants that contribute to farmer suicide, and also evaluates the efficacy of several intervention strategies that are targeted to lessen this unfortunate occurrence in India. A thorough review of literature was conducted using the theoretical frameworks, empirical research, and articles published between 1999 and 2024 on topic “Psychosocial determinants and intervention strategies for farmer suicides in India – A Systematic review” using the databases like PubMed, BMC and Google Scholar to uncover the relevant papers on psychosocial determinants of farmer suicides in India and intervention strategies for the same. Most frequently used keywords are “Psychosocial determinants, farmer suicide in India, mental health, intervention strategies, farmer welfare, agriculture distress” Inclusion criteria focused on empirical research, articles published within India, encompassing various psychosocial determinants and intervention strategies. Exclusion criteria filtered out non empirical publications, studies outside India, and those unrelated to psychosocial determinants of farmer suicides. The screening strategy involved categorizing search terms and systematically reviewing titles and abstracts. Preferred reporting items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) flow charts documented the screening and selection process. Data verification ensured internal and external quality control. The results analyzed in the review showcase that financial hardship, mental health issues (such as anxiety and depression), social isolation, substance abuse, and family pressure, crop failure, are some of the key determinants that make farmers vulnerable. The crisis condition that characterises agriculture, policy neglect, and the lack of access to quality mental health services are further structural elements that exacerbate the problem. The review also examines a wide range of intervention measures, including financial aid, policy reforms, mental health counselling, community-based support networks, and suicide prevention initiatives. Numerous interventions have been explored with some hopeful results, but there is still a gap in effectively addressing the psychosocial causes of farmer distress, according to the results of the below studies evaluated. Further the review suggests a multifaceted strategy that addresses the emotional and economic difficulties faced by Indian farmers. It includes policy-level adjustments, mental health assistance, and community resilience building. This systematic research suggests that several psychosocial variables, including financial strain, covid-19 lockdown, mental health issues, social isolation, and family stressors, are relevant in the high rate of farmer suicides in India. Structural problems including policy neglect, unstable agriculture, and a lack of mental health care make these even worse. An integrated strategy that tackles the farmers' emotional and financial issues is still absent, despite the encouraging results of financial aid initiatives, legislative changes, and mental health services. A multifaceted approach that includes community resilience development, mental health resources, and policy changes is required for long-term assistance.