Peace Accords and Fragile Reconciliation: Evaluating Ethnic Conflict Resolution Mechanisms in Northeast India

Abstract

Ethnic conflicts in Northeast India represent one of the most persistent challenges to democratic governance and national integration in postcolonial India. Rooted in historical grievances, ethnic identity assertion, and demands for autonomy, these conflicts have generated multiple insurgencies and violent movements since the 1950s. In response, the Indian state has attempted to resolve these issues primarily through peace accords, ceasefire agreements, and negotiated settlements. While such mechanisms have temporarily reduced violence and brought insurgent groups into the mainstream, their long-term effectiveness in ensuring reconciliation remains fragile. This paper critically examines key peace accords in Northeast India, including the Shillong Accord (1975), the Mizo Accord (1986), the Bodo Peace Accords (1993, 2003, 2020), and the Karbi Peace Accord (2021), to assess their achievements and limitations. Based exclusively on secondary sources such as academic writings, government documents, and policy reports, the study finds that accords have largely succeeded in pacifying armed insurgencies but often fail to address deeper structural inequalities, ethnic exclusivity, and developmental deficits. The paper argues that for sustainable peace, reconciliation must extend beyond elite bargains to encompass inclusive governance, equitable socioeconomic development, and the recognition of ethnic aspirations.