Cancer Treatment In 2030 – Overcoming Barriers To Precision Medicine

Abstract

Background: Molecular oncology gains ground in newer developments that radically change how cancer is diagnosed and treated. The common therapies are hats, unlike personalized approaches, for they consider neither the genetic tumor heterogenicity nor the mutation in the gene. Genomic and proteomic techniques give a fundamental reflection of tumor biology and provide the identification of actionable mutations to target therapy.

Methods: Extracting and isolating DNA and RNA from breast cancer and normal control tissues as well as from breast cancer MDA-MB-453 and human mammary epithelial cell lines. NGS technology determined the next genetic alterations in breast cancer. The knockout of the gene of interest was done in cancer cell lines using CRISPR-Cas9 followed by PCR and Western blot confirmation. Patient-derived tumor organoids were generated from biopsies and drug response was analyzed. IHC and flow cytometry were used to study protein expression and perform immune profiling. Liquid biopsy or ctDNA detection technologies were included for non-invasive monitoring.

Results: Next-generation sequencing has unveiled genetic mutations such as BRCA1 in breast cancer and EML4-ALK fusion in lung cancer. Profiling proteomes identified overexpressed proteins such as HER2. CRISPR-cas9 knockout experiments showed the involvement of genes such as TP53 and EGFR in cancer progression. Tumor organoids behave differently concerning drug response, with organoids from colon cancer-bearing sensitivity to 5-fluorouracil. Successful liquid biopsy application uses ctDNA mutation detection that correlates to disease progression.

Conclusion: Molecular methods such as NGS, CRISPR-Cas9, and tumor organoids enable an understanding of cancer biology rather than personalizing treatment. These are essential new technologies for developing better-targeted therapies, noninvasive monitoring, and improving patient outcomes in oncology.