The Influence of Learner’s First Language (L1) in English Language Acquisition

Abstract

This study examines the influence of learners’ first language (L1) on English language acquisition, focusing on phonology, syntax, and lexicon across five L1 groups: Spanish, Mandarin, Arabic, Japanese, and Hindi. Using a quantitative research design, data were collected from 200 participants through questionnaires, proficiency tests, and pronunciation assessments. The results reveal that L1 interference significantly affects English proficiency, particularly in phonology, with Arabic and Mandarin speakers showing the strongest negative correlations. Hindi and Spanish speakers demonstrated higher proficiency, with fewer syntax and lexical errors, while Japanese learners struggled primarily with phonological challenges. Regression analysis confirmed that phonology had the strongest impact on English proficiency, followed by syntax and lexicon. The study highlights the need for tailored instructional strategies to address L1-specific challenges in language learning.